Imidacloprid|138261-41-3|安捷凯

Background

Imidacloprid is a broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide that is effective against sucking and biting insects and insects of the Coleopteran and Lepidoptera orders.^1,2 It is an agonist of insect acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) with K_i values of 1.9, 2.1, 290, and 50 nM for M. persicae and D. melanogaster receptors, rat brain membranes, and rat recombinant receptors containing α4β2 subunits, respectively.^3,4 Imidacloprid is lethal to M. persicae with LD₉₅ values of approximately 2 and 160 pg/aphid via oral and topical administration, respectively.² It impairs aversive learning and memory retention in honey bees following chronic sublethal exposure of 20.8 ppb.⁵ In a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity, imidacloprid (0.06-6 mg/kg per day) increases body weight gain and adiposity and impairs glucose metabolism without increasing total food intake.⁶

1.Elbert, A., Overbeck, H., Iwaya, K., et al.Imidacloprid, a novel systemic nitromethylene analogue insecticide for crop protectionBrighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases21-28(1990) 2.Elbert, A., Becker, B., Hartwig, J., et al.Imidacloprid - A new systemic insecticidePflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer (German Edition)44(2)113-136(1991) 3.Kagabu, S., Maienfisch, P., Zhang, A., et al.5-Azidoimidacloprid and an acyclic analogue as candidate photoaffinity probes for mammalian and insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsJ. Med. Chem.43(26)5003-5009(2000) 4.Tomizawa, M., and Casida, J.E.Selective toxicity of neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic receptorsAnnu. Rev. Entomol.48339-364(2003) 5.Zhang, E., and Nieh, J.C.The neonicotinoid imidacloprid impairs honey bee aversive learning of simulated predationJ. Exp. Biol.218(Pt 20)3199-3205(2015) 6.Sun, Q., Xiao, X., Kim, Y., et al.Imidacloprid promotes high fat diet-induced adiposity and insulin resistance in male C57BL/6J miceJ. Agric. Food Chem.64(49)9293-9306(2016)

Protocol

Animal experiment:

Rats: Adult females are divided into four groups. One group is served as control and is given corn oil as vehicle through gavage. Three groups are given 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day imidacloprid to female rats for 90 days. Body weight, food consumption and clinical signs of toxicity are recorded throughout the period of experiment. Urine is collected at initial and 90 days for urine analysis. Individual animals from each group are weighed weekly and body weight is recorded[4]. Mice: Imidacloprid is administered orally daily at 10, 5, or 2.5mg/kg over 28 days. Specific parameters of humoral and cellular immune response including hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC; T-dependent antigen), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to SRBC, and T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) are evaluated[6].

参考文献:

[1]. Kim J, et al. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, induces insulin resistance. J Toxicol Sci. 2013;38(5):655-60.
[2]. Kara M, et al. Insecticide imidacloprid influences cognitive functions and alters learning performance and related gene expression in a rat model. Int J Exp Pathol. 2015 Oct;96(5):332-7.
[3]. Crosby EB, et al. Neurobehavioral impairments caused by developmental imidacloprid exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2015 May-Jun;49:81-90.
[4]. Bhardwaj S, et al. A 90 days oral toxicity of imidacloprid in female rats: morphological, biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 May;48(5):1185-90.
[5]. Kapoor U, et al. Effect of imidacloprid on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in female rats to derive its No Observed Effect Level (NOEL). J Toxicol Sci. 2010 Aug;35(4):577-81.
[6]. Badgujar PC, et al. Immunotoxic effects of imidacloprid following 28 days of oral exposure in BALB/c mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013 May;35(3):408-18.

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Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid详情

Background

Protocol

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